Action Guide

Reduce Emissions Through Sustainable Aviation Fuels

Environmental Defense Fund

Air carriers aiming to reduce their Scope 1 emissions can consider investments in high-integrity, low carbon Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) as the most practical near-term solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions within the aviation industry.

Sunset at the airport. Refueling of the airplane before flight, aircraft maintenance fuel at the airport.

Aviation is considered a hard to abate sector, due to its weight and size requirements, the cost of new technologies, and safety requirements. Air transport emissions currently make up about 2.5% of global CO2 emissions, and 3.5% when non-CO2 impacts on climate are taken into account.1 If aviation was a country, it would be among the 10 biggest emitters, ahead of nations like Brazil, Mexico, and the UK.2  

Amidst these challenges, SAFs emerge as a promising solution for significant decarbonization in the aviation industry, especially as there has been increased investment in SAF feedstocks and production pathways. A strategic shift towards incorporating high integrity, low carbon SAFs can empower air carriers to actively reduce their Scope 1 emissions, and signal demand for a solution that can lead to a more sustainable future for air travel.  

What is Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)? 

SAF is a drop-in fuel, meaning it is certified for use in existing aircraft and infrastructure without requiring any modifications. It is made with renewable or waste feedstocks, such as switchgrass or corn stover, or waste materials such as used cooking oil or the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. 

Technical Advantages: One of the key advantages of SAF is its compatibility with existing aviation systems. Commercial aviation can seamlessly incorporate SAF at a blend ratio of up to 50%, meeting the same technical and safety standards as traditional kerosene-based jet fuel.  

Sustainability Certification: In addition to technical safety standards, it is imperative for SAF to meet a high standard of environmental integrity and be grounded in a robust accounting and sustainability framework. Support for SAF must include robust environmental safeguards against direct and indirect negative impacts on ecosystems and communities.3 

Current Challenges: While SAF is commercially available, its adoption faces challenges. Presently, SAF is relatively expensive and in limited supply, constituting less than 0.1% of the global jet fuel supply. The cost of SAF remains at a significant premium compared to traditional fossil jet fuel. 

Growing Interest and Potential: Despite these challenges, there is a notable and growing interest among airlines, businesses, and passengers to reduce aviation emissions by embracing SAF. This heightened demand, coupled with the existing supply-demand imbalance, presents an opportunity to stimulate increased production and decrease the green premium between SAF and conventional jet fuel.  

How SAF Can Reduce Scope 1 Emissions 

In the aviation industry, Scope 1 emissions primarily come from the combustion of traditional jet fuels. SAF with high-integrity plays a pivotal role in mitigating these emissions for airlines and other aircraft operators through two key mechanisms:  

  1. Lifecycle Emission Reduction: SAF offers significant lifecycle emission reductions in comparison to traditional jet fuel. Across the entire life cycle, spanning from feedstock sourcing to combustion in aircraft, high-integrity SAF can significantly and even achieve close to zero lifecycle emissions.  
  1. Drop-In Compatibility: SAF is engineered to seamlessly replace conventional jet fuel, serving as a drop-in substitute for existing aircraft engines. This not only reduces direct emissions from aircraft combustion but also obviates the need to manufacture and acquire new materials for upgrades or modifications. 

What Makes High-Integrity SAF? 

SAF can drastically reduce the climate impact of flying when it is produced with high integrity, meaning it credibly reduces emissions compared to traditional fossil jet fuel, adheres to strong environmental and social safeguards, and is accurately accounted for to avoid double counting of emissions reductions.4 A high-integrity SAF will follow a robust sustainability framework characterized by: 

  • Credible Emissions Reduction: The production and use of SAF, as determined by a credible lifecycle assessment, should result in a substantial reduction (ideally achieving at least 80% emission reduction threshold) in greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional aviation fuels. This reduction is a fundamental aspect of SAF’s contribution to sustainability. 
  • Adherence to Environmental and Social Safeguards: High-integrity SAF should be produced in a manner that prioritizes environmental sustainability and social responsibility. This includes the need to avoid feedstocks that compete with food production, contribute to deforestation, or habitat destruction. Furthermore, SAF production needs to ensure the respect of human rights, land rights and water rights, and contribute to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. 
  • Transparent and Accurate Accounting: Robust accounting practices are crucial to avoid double counting of emissions reductions. It’s important that the emissions reductions attributed to SAF are accurately measured, verified, and accounted for to maintain the credibility of its environmental benefits. 
  • Certification and Standards Compliance: Compliance with recognized sustainability standards and certifications, such as those established by organizations like the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) or the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) under the United Nations’ International Civil Aviation Organization, adds credibility to SAF. Meeting these standards demonstrates a commitment to sustainable practices and ensures the traceability necessary for transparent and accurate accounting.  

Air carriers, as well as aviation customers and fuel providers can support the future of SAF by joining the Sustainable Aviation Buyer’s Alliance (SABA). Founded by EDF and RMI, this group of stakeholders are helping members navigate the technical aspects of SAF and the SAF market, and assessing emerging SAF technologies to address barriers and reduce costs. Learn more about joining SABA here.  

How to Purchase SAF 

Air carriers can obtain SAF by directly collaborating with SAF producers or brokers. Procurement teams generally follow a “mass-balance” and a “book and claim” chain of custody model. In the mass-balance model, companies purchase SAF knowing how much sustainable fuel was physically blended with traditional jet fuel throughout the supply chain, ensuring its delivery to the airport and ultimately the aircraft, with stringent quality checks in place.  

To overcome the limitation of physical SAF availability at airports, procurement teams are increasingly opting to purchase Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates (SAFc). These certificates operate on a book-and-claim model, involving a financial transaction linked to the environmental attributes of the fuel. This approach allows airlines to actively support sustainability initiatives without the obligatory physical integration of SAF in every flight. The flexibility offered by SAFc plays a significant role in driving the overall market demand for sustainable aviation fuels. 

Understand the book-and-claim model: 

The “book-and-claim” model is a system used in the SAFc market to track and trade the environmental attributes associated with the production of renewable fuels. It is similar to the system used for renewable electricity, where consumers can buy renewable energy certificates (RECs) to support the generation of green power, even if they do not receive the actual electricity from renewable sources.  

Here’s how the book-and-claim model typically works: 

  • Book: In the book-and-claim model, the environmental attributes or benefits of the produced SAF are “booked” or recorded in a certification system. These attributes include the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions achieved by using SAF compared to conventional jet fuel. 
  • Claim: Air carriers can then “claim” or purchase these environmental attributes separate from the physical SAF. This means that even if an airline is not physically using SAF in its operations, it can purchase the associated environmental benefits, effectively reducing its own carbon footprint. 

For a book-and-claim model to function effectively, air carriers should use a registry system. Upon purchasing SAFc, they can register their transaction in a SAFc registry to create the consistency, transparency, and auditability of aviation-related emissions reduction claims that is necessary to build trust, scale SAFc uptake, and make a strong demand signal for new SAF supply.  

An example of such registry is the Sustainable Aviation Buyer’s Alliance SAFc Registry, founded in partnership with RMI and Environmental Defense Fund. This registry acts as a ledger, overseeing the issuance, transfer, and retirement of SAFc, thereby ensuring the traceability during the entire process. 

Advocate for High-Integrity SAF 

Air carriers actively investing in SAF to curb their air travel emissions play a pivotal role in spurring the aviation industry towards a shift from fossil fuels to cleaner fuels. However, this transition isn’t straightforward, as not all SAFs are equal. Without careful consideration, companies risk exacerbating environmental issues rather than alleviating them, and take reputational risks.  

To navigate these complexities, it’s crucial for air carriers to champion high-integrity SAFs—those that demonstrably reduce emissions, adhere to stringent environmental and social standards, and are accurately accounted for to prevent double counting of emission reductions. Companies at the forefront of adopting high-integrity SAFs should leverage their influence to advocate for policies that mitigate unintended harm to ecosystems, communities, and food systems, while incentivizing sustainable practices. 

A practical approach involves collaborating with local policymakers to ensure that financial incentives for SAF deployment prioritize feedstocks with zero or very low risk of causing indirect land use changes. This entails supporting the growth of feedstocks that do not compete with food production, contribute to deforestation, or habitat destruction. Moreover, advocating for financial backing specifically geared towards SAFs with the highest emissions reductions is essential. For example, electro-fuels (e.g. hydrogen and synthetic fuels) produced from surplus renewable energy offer greater climate benefits compared to most SAFs derived from sustainable vegetable oils or waste fats. 

Finally, it’s imperative to advocate for transparent processes that prevent double counting and accurately account for emissions reductions from SAFs. Companies can support this by advocating for the development of robust registries that track SAF usage effectively and for countries to properly account for SAFs when fulfilling their reporting obligations under the Paris Agreement. This will ensure accountability and transparency in emission reduction efforts. By championing these measures, companies can significantly enhance the effectiveness and integrity of SAF adoption in their pathway to net zero.  

EDF published the High-Integrity SAF Handbook which provides new guidance and approaches for companies, airlines, policymakers and fuel producers to effectively advance the use of high-integrity sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and decarbonization of air travel.  

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